Research

Brain resonance induction effects, so-called entrainment

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
1	1 Hz	4 nT (head); 20 μT (source)	square-wave	head; daytime sleep	p < 0.0001 significantly improved sleep quality: the number of transitions from stage 2 and deeper stages of sleep to stage 1 and to the waking state was smaller
2	1-3 Hz (δ) 4-8 Hz (θ) 9-13 Hz (α) 15-29 Hz (β) 31-56 Hz (γ)	20 μT	sinusoidal	mat, total-body treatment; effects of Non Focused ELF EMF Treatment on EEG	δ (and β) range: p<0.05 γ range: p<0.01 α range: no significance
3	0–100 Hz	8.3, 2, and 1 μT	‘saw-tooth like’ waveform; Helmholtz coils	mattress whole body; effect on electrophysiologic activities	substantial changes in EEG hemispheric asymmetry, observed at the theta band posterior predominance, an increase in the low frequency heart rate variability, changes in the surface skin temperature, and skin bioelectric impedance fluctuations in its frequency spectrum
4	50, 16.66, 13, 10, 8.33 and 4 Hz	20 μT	sine waveforms; Helmholtz coils	head, effect on brain waves	Alpha1 (7.5–9.5 Hz) and alpha2 (9–11 Hz) bands, associated with 8.33 and 10 Hz MF exposures, (p < 0.0005) Beta1 (12–14 Hz) band exhibited a significant increase from before to after 13-Hz
5	16 Hz	2.33 μT (top), 5.24 μT (middle), 6.45 μT (bottom)	–	mattress whole body; effect on various electrophysiological activities (PPG, ECG, EEG)	Compared to previous studies which applied various linear and nonlinear analysis, such as PSD and approximate entropy techniques to analyze the ECG and EEG results using conventional HRV and EEG frequency bands [2–6], our study’s analysis by the MUSIC and Minimum-Norm methods has obtained promising results in determining the changes in recorded signals.
6	16 Hz	2.33 μT (top), 5.24 μT (middle), 6.45 μT (bottom)	–	mattress whole body; effect on various electrophysiological activities	The peak frequencies and the power levels of the least squares AR PSDs can be used as the features representing the PPG, ECG, and EEG signals.
7	50, 83.3, and 5.12 Hz	2 mT	Sinusoidal; Cylindrical coil	the lumbar region, Effect on power for delta (0.5 to 4 Hz) and alpha (8 to 13 Hz) brainwaves	delta power values were increased by 28,2% after magnetotherapy; alpha power during magnetotherapy is lower than before and after

The selected articles demonstrate a statistically significant effect of ELF stimulation of the brain in the direction of brainwave changes. The changes may sometimes follow the stimulation frequency (entrainment), while at other times, they may give even the opposite results. However, the field is worthy of research, and a lot more may be discovered through a thorough investigation.

Sleep disturbances

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
8	4 Hz	5 mT	not specified; (device Naturschlaf, Silensor/Meteco, Berlin, Germany was used)	head; matchbox-size device was placed near the patient’s head, preferably under the pillow	p < .00001 intensity of sleep latency, frequency of interruptions, sleepiness after rising, daytime sleepiness, difficulty with concentration, and daytime headaches
9	1 Hz	4 nT (head); 20 μT (source)	square-wave	head; 70cm from head; daytime sleep	p < 0.0001 significantly improved sleep quality: the number of transitions from stage 2 and deeper stages of sleep to stage 1 and to the waking state was smaller
10	1 Hz	intensity 80 % of motion threshold	not specified; (Rapid 2 rTMS stimulator from Magstim was used)	head; right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)	p < 0.05 improved stage III sleep and REM sleep cycle compared with both control groups p < 0.05 rTMS treatment group was more advantageous in improving the indices of HPA and HPT axes
11	1 Hz	10 mT	not specified; (specially designed magnetic coil was used)	head, magnetic coil was placed about 2 cm above the occipital part of the skull; effect on brain waves	compared with sham exposure group, the EEG power of theta band (3.5-7.5 Hz) (p < 0.002) and lower-alpha band (7.5-10 Hz) (p < 0.004) from the stimulation group increased significantly after magnetic stimulation
12	1 Hz	–	not specified; (monophasic MF stimulator (Magstim Co. Ltd., UK) was used)	head targeting right posterior parietal cortex brought significant results	p＜0.05 PSQI, ISI, and ESS ratings of the patients decreased significantly after rTMS treatment and the improvement in ratings lasted one month
13	systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 articles 29 art. 1Hz; 2 art. 0.5Hz; 1 art. 0.5-1Hz; 1 art. <1Hz; 1 art. 10Hz; 1 art. 10-20Hz	for 5 articles 0.2-0.8T	–	head	compared with sham rTMS improved PSQI total score (p<0.00001); compared to other treatment, rTMS improved PSQI total score (p < 0.00001) compared with other treatment, rTMS improved Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) total score (p = 0.04)
14	7.83 Hz	–	not specified; (Enerkey Kingdom SR Sleep device was used)	head; next to the bed facing the subject’s head	objective sleep measurements (sleep-onset-latency, SOL (p = 0.012), and total-sleep-time, TST (p = 0.037)) and subjective sleep questionnaires (SOL (p=0.004), TST (p=0.047), sleep-efficiency (p=0.017), sleep-quality (p = 0.046), daytime-sleepiness (p=0.019), and sleep-satisfaction (p=0.000)) were significantly improved

Cancer

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
15	A: 100 Hz B: 10 Hz	A: 10 mT B: 5 mT	square wave; Helmholtz coils	cultured cancer cells	antiproliferative and proliferative effects of ELF-PEMFs depend on frequency, amplitude, and exposure time
16	50 Hz	5.1 mT	Parallel superimposing of a static and AC field, square, Helmholtz coils	cells and mice; nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma cell culture cells	antitumor effect of an established MF against neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma is reported
17	20-50 Hz	2-5 mT	Sinusoidal, rectified sinusoidal, square; asymmetrical l PMF	breast cancer cells	vulnerability of MCF7 cells to PEMFs of 20 Hz frequency, 3 mT magnitude and exposure duration of 60 minutes per day
18	2, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 Hz	6, 4, 3, 2.5 or 2 mT	sinusoid, triangle or square	cancer and noncancerous cells in vitro	potential tool for manipulating viability of cells
19	50 Hz	10 mT	Helmholtz coils	breast cancer MDA-MB-231, and colon cancer SW-480 and HCT-116 in vitro	p < 0.05 the disintegration of cells treated with a 50 Hz EMF, compared to untreated control cells
20	50 Hz	0.5 and 1 mT	sine-wave; Helmholtz coils	Cancer cells in vitro	Positive effect for acute ELF-EMF exposure
21	7.83, 23.49 and 39.15 Hz	s0.1-1 mT	square wave	breast cancer cell in vitro	potential anti-cancer treatment in the future
22	50 Hz	2040 A/m corresponding to 2.56 mT	–	carcinosarcoma growth and hepatic redox state in rats	EMF treatment can inhibit tumor growth
23	50 Hz	5.1 mT	Parallel superimposition of a static and AC field, square; Helmholtz coils	a broad spectrum of tumor cells (lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and nephroblastoma)	this field was found to inhibit cell proliferation, and simultaneously induced two types of programmed cell death, apoptosis, and ferroptosis
24	75 Hz	1.5 mT	Helmholtz coils	to evaluate if PEMF exposure potentiated the anti-tumor effect of A3ARs in PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocyto ma and U87MG human glioblastoma cell lines	Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation (p<0.05) PEMF Exposure Enhanced the Cl-IB MECA-induced Cell Death and Apoptosis in Tumor Cells (p<0.01)
25	1, 4.4 and16.5 Hz	300, 100, 150–300 nT (42 µT static)	Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor growth in mice	to evaluate if PEMF exposure potentiated the anti-tumor effect of A3ARs in PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocyto ma and U87MG human glioblastoma cell lines	p<0.01 The highest percentage of damaged EAC cells was registered in mice exposed to the multifrequency signal (sum of effective frequencies at their corresponding effective amplitudes)
26	50 Hz	15–20 mT	sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (SEMF +PEMF)	Human erythroleukemia cells and mice	The survival of the 14 treated mice bearing melanoma B16-BL6 cells (treatment: 80 s/day for 17 days) increased in the experiments to 60% vs. control of 20% (p<0.05)
27	50 Hz	0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mT	–	human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) and human normal fibroblast (Hu02)	The expression level of NOTCH1 in the exposed tumor cells was significantly down regulated and in normal cells was up-regulated in an intensity-related manner. (p < .001)
28	7.83 Hz	0.42 mT	Square wave; Helmholtz coils	melanoma tumor cells	exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to the optimized ELF EMF pattern promoted Ca2+ influx and resulted in apoptosis. (p < 0.05)
29	7.83 Hz	0.42 mT	Square wave; Helmholtz coils	B16F10 cancer cells	17% and 26.4% inhibition rate

There is a lot of bioelectromagnetic research concerning cancer on cell culture models. As can be seen from the cited literature, ELF low-intensity magnetic field irradiation of cancer is very promising and calls for further investigation.

Spinal cord injury

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
30	3-75 Hz	20 µT	Helmholtz coils	Spinal cord injury on the mouse (whole mouse)	significant anti inflammatory and neuroprotective effects – reduced microglia/macrophage activation was demonstrated by evaluation using CD68+ staining (p < 0.001)
31	50 Hz	17.96 μT	Helmholtz coils	tonic pain behavior and related neurotransmitters in the brain of rats (whole rats)	Locomotion BBB score (p<0.001); Tonic pain Session-PR (p<0.01)
32	50 Hz	17.96 μT	Helmholtz coils	to attenuate microglia- and iron-induced secondary injury in SCI rats (whole rats)	reduces lesion volume, inflammation, and iron content in addition to facilitation of angiogenesis following SCI (p < 0.001)
33	50 Hz	17.96 μT	Helmholtz coils	influence of ELF-MF on oxidative stress and cell death after SCI on rats (whole rats)	influence of ELF-MF on oxidative stress and cell death after SCI on rats (whole rats)
34	50 Hz	17.96 μT	Helmholtz coils	contusion spinal injury in rats (whole rats)	A significant (p ≤ .001) improvement in bladder function, as well as BBB score, was observed after MF exposure
35	50 Hz	1 mT	Helmholtz coils	recovery of neurological function after SCI in rats and its therapeutic mechanism (whole rats)	significant improvements in BBB scores, tcMMEP amplitudes, the extent of the damage, and reduced demyelination in rats after SCI (p < 0.05)

If the cancer is available for conventional treatments, as long as it is not too advanced, the situation with spinal cord injuries is much more problematic. Therefore, the latter field may be even more promising for further investigation.

Osteoporosis and bone healing

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
36	7.3 Hz	0.8 mT	square wave; Helmholtz coils	histomorphometric and biochemical effects of PEMF application on the healing of bone defects in rats (whole rats)	The heparin + PEMF group displayed the largest amount of new bone area (p = 0.002)
37	75Hz	1.6 mT	square wave; Helmholtz coil	osteoporosis in rats (whole rats)	PEMF + MEL treatment enhanced bone volume fraction (BV/TV) 2.2‐fold over OVX control (P < 0.001) PEMF + MEL also reduced the ratio of bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV) by 40% (P < 0.05)
38	8, 50 and 75 Hz	1.6 mT	square wave; Helmholtz coil	the effect of PEMF frequency in osteoporotic mice	significantly ameliorate the deterioration of bone microarchitecture in OVX mice

Even if the reported experiments were done on rats and mice, we may expect similar effects from the general working of magnetic field stimulation on humans, which justifies further investigation in this direction to ameliorate, slow down, or even inhibit bone decay.

Depression

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
39	55 Hz	1.9 mT; (2.2 mV/cm)	bipolar square pulses(T-PEMF); (Re5)	head	p < 0.01 the potential beneficial role of T PEMF therapy as an augmentation treatment to ongoing pharmacotherapy in treatment-resistant depression
40	55 Hz	1.9 mT	bipolar square pulses (T PEMF)	head	The effect size was 1.02 and 0.90, respectively, on HAM-D6 and HAM-D6-S HAM-D6, the difference between active versus sham T-PEMF was statistically significant as early as after one week of therapy (p < 0.05)
41	55 Hz	1.9 mT	bipolar square pulses (T PEMF)	head	At the endpoint, respectively, 30 and 16% obtained remission, defined as HAM-D17 ≤ 7. On the Hamilton Scale 6-item version (HAM-D6), respectively, 51 and 16% obtained remission, defined as HAM-D6 ≤ 4
42	50 Hz	0.1–4 mV/cm	pulses were constructed to mimic the pulsating electrical fields (E fields) measured outside excitable tissue	head	After 5 weeks of therapy remission was obtained in 26.5% and 32.3% on one dose and two doses of T-PEMF, respectively. After 8 weeks the rate of remission was 73.5% and 67.7%, respectively.
43	50 Hz	0.1–4 mV/cm	pulses were constructed to mimic the pulsating electrical fields (E fields) measured outside excitable tissue	head	AIn patients without apathy, the remission rate after T-PEMF was 83.9% versus 58.8% in patients with apathy (p≤0.05). In patients without apathy receiving one active dose daily 94.4% remitted versus 50% for patients with apathy (p≤0.05). In patients, without apathy who received two active doses, 69.9% remitted versus 66.7% for patients with apathy (p≤0.05)

The cited successful research work done in pulsed magnetic field treatment of depression demonstrates a definitive working of appropriate magnetic fields on this ailment that is increasing worldwide. A rough estimation (WHO) is that 5% of adults suffer from this mental disorder. Medication is only successful for about 60% of people and may bring adverse side effects. The majority of depressed patients feel a palpable release of medication around two months after the start of their drug treatment. However, a relatively slow improvement can persuade people to stop taking the medication within a month already. Many experts hope new treatments could be developed. Propulsive investigation in PEMF treatment of depression is therefore badly needed; as a novelty without any harmful side effects, PEMF represents a new promising hope for people suffering from depression.

Migraine

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
44	1 Hz	4 nT (head); 20 μT (source)	square-wave	head; daytime sleep	p < 0.0001 significantly improved sleep quality: the number of transitions from stage 2 and deeper stages of sleep to stage 1 and to the waking state was smaller

The above-selected article clearly demonstrates that migraine treatment may represent a target for further bioelectromagnetic investigation.

Parkinson

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
45	50 Hz	5-8 mT	squared bipolar pulses (T-PEMF); (Re5)	head; quality of life in Parkinson’s disease and secondly the feasibility and safety of this treatment	p>0.05; improved pertaining clinical effect size for the two dimensions, mobility, and ADL
46	50 Hz	2.5 mV/cm, probably 5-8 mT	bipolar squared (T-PEMF); (Re5)	head; effect on motor performance in terms of movement speed and on neurotrophic and angiogenic factors	Major significant improvement of movement speed compared to the natural development of the disease was found (p = 0.001). Thus, task completion time decreased gradually during the treatment period from 10.10s to 8.23s (p<0.001). Erythropoietin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid also increased significantly in the treated group (p = 0.012)
47	50 Hz	2.5 mV/cm, probably 5-8 mT	bipolar squared (T-PEMF); (Re5)	head; treatment on functional rate of force development and movement speed during two motor tasks with different levels of complexity	improve the rate of force development during chair rise more than placebo (P = 0.064) High-performers receiving active treatment improved rate of force development during chair rise more than high-performers receiving placebo treatment (P = 0.049)
48	50 Hz	2.5 mV/cm, probably 5-8 mT	bipolar squared (T-PEMF); (Re5)	head; rest and postural hand tremor characteristics and on inter hand coherence of persons with PD	decreased the inter-hand coherence in the PD group with unilateral tremor

Parkinson’s disease, although having relief medication, is still a non-curable neurodegenerative illness. Any new achievements to slow its progression or even stop it are highly welcome. According to the cited scientific studies, bioelectromagnetic research in low-intensity ELF PEMF stimulation proves very promising.

Alzheimer

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
49	20 Hz	10 mT	–	effects of pulsed EMF on Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced dementia rats	p < 0.05; p < 0.01; can improve the ability of learning and memory in STZ induced dementia rats
50	50 Hz	10 mT	square wave; Helmholtz coil	effects of weak magnetic fields on brain functions such as cognitive functions in animal models (rats)	improved the learning and memory impairments in Aβ injection+M and AD+M groups (p < 0.000, p < 0.001, p<0.01)
51	75 Hz	3 mT	Helmholtz coil	cell model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to assess new therapies that counteract neurodegeneration	demonstrated to be able to modulate both miRNAs and mRNA involved in AD-related pathways
52	915 MHz (217 Hz repetition)	–	–	head	significant improvements in ADAS-cog, as well as in the Rey AVLT (pp< 0.005, p<0.05, p<0.025, pp< 0.01)
53	30–100 Hz	–	–	brain stimulation	Stimulatory sources acting in gamma wave and resultant ERPs and SSRs do indeed show promise for clinical application to AD with studies reporting efficacy in both mouse models of the disease and cognitive endpoints when applied to humans.

Alzheimer’s disease is proportinally rising with the increase of the average lifespan. At the same time, it is an incurable illness able to mildly treat with weak medication. As seen from the cited literature, there are strong indications that through appropriate brain stimulation (see 43), we may help and even reverse the symptoms. PEMF stimulation, including its positive results with entrainment, is highly promising; moreover, there are significant results with bioelectromagnetic investigation performed on humans.

Multiple Sclerosis

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
54	4-13 Hz	5 μT-10 μT	unipolar square-wave	shoulder, back, or hip	impact of MS symptoms on the quality of life, the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and EEG p < 0.005
55	33.3 Hz	14 μT	half-wave shaped sinusoidal	mattress (whole body) to evaluate the long-term effects of PEMF on MS-related fatigue	significant difference of MFIS value after 12 weeks in favor of the verum group (26.84 versus 36.67; Student’s t-test for independent samples: MFIS12weeks: t =-2.36, p=0.024) a significant difference in FSS value after 12 weeks’ treatment in favor of the verum group (Student’s t-test for independent samples: FSS12weeks: t ¼ 2.53, p=0.016)

Similar to Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, MS is also an incurable illness, although it may be slowed down and at least temporarily ameliorated via medication. PEMF stimulation here represents a new opportunity as a conjoined-treatment since it does not achieve effects on its own.

Cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, post-concussion syndrome, post-stroke, ischemic stroke

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
56	27.12 MHz by 2Hz burst	3±0.6 V/m; peak RF power in tissue 40 mW/kg	ELF modulated radiofrequency	infarct size and poststroke inflammation following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) in mice	reduction of infarct size and influence on neuroinflammation
57	A: 50 Hz B: 10 Hz	A: 1 mT B: 1 mT	sinusoidal	human microglial cell line, HMO6, against ischemic cell death induced by in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)	p < 0.01, p < 0.05 (for 50 Hz/1 mT)
58	10 Hz	1 mT	sinusoidal; Helmholtz coil	oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)- induced human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) death were studied	protects MSCs from OGD-induced cell death; EMF reduces OGD induced intracellular ROS/RNS production of MSC (p<0.05)
59	50 Hz	2mV/cm, probably 5-8 mT	probably bipolar squared (T-PEMF); (Re5)	tolerability of T PEMF in treating post-concussion syndrome	The majority (n = 5) had a reduction in symptoms overall, up to 61% (total n =7)
60	10 Hz	10 mT	–	5 cm circular coils transcranially	overall, 68% reduction in overall symptoms; significantly improve clinical function, and also objectively produce positive neurological functional changes
61	40 Hz	5 mT	rectangular and bipolar waveforms	brain plasticity in the rehabilitation of patients after stroke	p < 0.0001 improves the effectiveness of rehabilitation of post-stroke patients by improving neuroplasticity processes
62	60 Hz	10 mT	Helmholtz coil	neuroprotection after ischemic stroke on mice	p < 0.05 has a neuroprotective effect after ischemic stroke

Even this large field of health issues may greatly benefit from ELF PEMF stimulation, as clearly seen from the cited research reports. Elsewhere, the research field is still in the beginning phase, so a thorough investigation is expected to bring many valuable results.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
63	30 Hz	7 mT	Helmholtz coil	behavioral failure as induced by PTSD on rats (whole rat)	the percentage of open arms entry and time in the elevated plus maze, significantly increased as compared with PTSD-Sham exposed (p<0.001); Numbers of CA1, CA3, and DG cells in PTSD PEMF and Control Sham exposed groups were significantly more than PTSD-Sham exposed (P<0.001)

From the cited article, it seems that ELF PEMF treatment may also be successful with PTSD, which has an incidence of around 7-8% in the Occident.

Heart rate activity

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
64	50 Hz pulsed by 3 Hz	1.57 mT (source), 20.9 μT (bottom), 4.21 μT (heart), 1.58 μT (head)	sinewave	pad on ground bellow the chair; effects on the cardiocirculatory system of ELF PEMFs.	full investigation into the effect of ELF PEMFs on the the cardiovascular system is justified
65	50 Hz	28 μT (heart position), 3–5 µT (head position)	Helmholtz coil	short‐term effect of ELF‐EMF exposure on heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV)	could potentially enhance parasympathetic predominance during the resting condition

Although the research into heart rate activity is much less frequent than in other research areas of bioelectromagnetic treatment, a thorough investigation may still bring valuable findings towards effective treatment.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
66	BEMER mat; (probably 10 Hz and 30 Hz as specified by the manufacturer)	35 and 50 μT	Not specified in the research paper (probably sinusoidal wave as spec. by manuf.)	mattress, the action of PEMF adjusted below the affected parts from the lower back to the feet	Motor condition velocity in meters per second (p<0.001); Motor amplitude in millivolt (p< 0.001) of the peroneal and sural nerves

From the cited articles, it seems that ELF PEMF treatment may also have an impact on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, which is a frequent concomitant issue in diabetes.

Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; stress urinary incontinence

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
67	10 Hz	1 mT	sinusoidal; Helmholtz coil	the survival of the human renal proximal tubular cell line, HK-2, using an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model.	the survival rate of cells exposed to 10 Hz/1 mT EMF during cell culture under the same H/R condition was about 15% higher than that in equivalent non exposed cells p<0.01.
68	50 Hz in 8 seconds on-4 seconds off pulsing manner	–	–	pad; female stress urinary incontinence	At 2 months 45 of 60 subjects (75%) in the active arm vs 13 of 60 (21.7%) in the sham arm were treatment responders (p <0.001)

It is known that PEMF may help stress urinary incontinence, and a further investigation into the possibility of an effective PEMF treatment is promising. The first of the above two cited articles indicates that PEMF may even significantly help with the survival of renal cells.

Hair growth

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
69	1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Hz	5 mT	sinusoidal wave; the coil was positioned vertically to the horizontal plane	assess the potential of injection of DP cells when combined with epidermal stem cells in the induction of hair follicle regeneration in nude mice, and we also evaluated the therapeutically effective of low frequency EMF on hair follicles regeneration.	Quantification analysis of the hair bulbs (p < 0.05)

An interesting and relatively new field of a possible PEMF investigation area is the regeneration of hair that can be useful to both men and women. It may have great potential in the cosmetics industry.

Multiple chemical sensitivity

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
70	55 Hz	1.9 mT	probably bipolar squared (T-PEMF); (Re 5)	to evaluate functional impairments and symptom severity in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) patients	Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory Symptom Severity Scale (QEESI SSS) (p = 0.03)
71	55 Hz	max 1.9 mT (at distance 0.5 cm from coil) (2.2 mV/cm)	probably bipolar squared (T-PEMF); (Re5)	Multiple chemical sensitivity	Two out of three cases showed 35–60% improvement on all QEESI scales. One case also experienced a 40% decrease on depressive symptoms, which is in accordance with a positive effect of PEMF on refractory depression in a previous study

With the increasing environmental pollution, there are more and more troubles with chemical sensitivity. It follows from the cited literature that PEMF may also successfully address this growing health issue.

Multiple chemical sensitivity

No.	Frequencies	Intensity	Pulse and coil form	Target of stimulation	Outcome
72	40 Hz	5 mT	rectangular and bipolar wave	pelvic girdle	Enhances the antioxidant defence of the body (p < .001); CAT mRNA ↑100%; SOD1 mRNA ↑100%; SOD2 mRNA ↑200%; GPx1 mRNA ↑160%; GPx4 mRNA ↑140%
73	50 Hz	2 mT	five coils and the distance between the coils was equal to the radius. In this way, a straight magnetic field was obtained in the cylindrical space between the two coils	whole mouse	Protects cells against oxidative damage
74	50 Hz	2.5 mT	seven coils arranged end-to-end beneath the treatment table and a magnetic line of force was positioned across the rats longitudinally	whole rat	Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress to promote functional recovery following spinal cord injury
75	75 Hz	2 mT	Square wave	the magnetic field was perpendicular to the seeded cells	Increases the MnSOD-based antioxidant protection (p < 0.001) and reduced the ROS production (p < 0.01)